Centenas de espécies da fauna marinha, como peixes, moluscos e outras, estão sendo ameaças pela ingestão do lixo que se acumula no mar em forma de microplásticos, sem que até o momento se saiba a fundo suas causas e consequências. Os últimos estudos apontam que até 529 espécies selvagens já foram afetadas pelos resíduos, um risco mortal que se soma aos outros já enfrentados por dezenas delas em perigo de extinção. A informação é da EFE.
Por menores que sejam, os microplásticos (de até cinco milímetros de diâmetro e presentes em vários produtos, como os cosméticos) representam uma ameaça para as mais de 220 espécies que os absorvem, algumas delas muito importantes no comércio mundial, como os mexilhões, as lagostas, os camarões, as sardinhas e o bacalhau.
Relatório recente da Organização da ONU para a Alimentação e a Agricultura (FAO) alertou para as consequências desses resíduos para a pesca e a aquicultura. “Ainda que nos preocupe a ingestão de microplásticos por parte das pessoas através dos frutos do mar, ainda não temos evidências científicas que confirmem os efeitos prejudiciais em animais selvagens”, explicou à Agência EFE uma das autoras do estudo, a pesquisadora Amy Lusher.
Ela acredita que ainda faltam muitos anos de estudos, dado o vazio de informação que existe sobre o assunto e as muitas inconsistências nos dados disponíveis. Para contribuir com o debate, uma revista especializada em biologia da Royal Society, de Londres, publicou recentemente um estudo que sugere que certos peixes estão predispostos a confundir o plástico com o alimento, por terem um cheiro parecido.
Matthew Savoca, líder de um trabalho realizado em colaboração com um aquário de San Francisco (Estados Unidos), explica que foram apresentadas a vários grupos de anchovas substâncias com o cheiro de resíduos plásticos recolhidos do mar e outras com o cheiro de plásticos limpos.
As anchovas reagiram ao lixo de forma similar à que fariam com o alimento, já que esses resíduos estão cobertos de material biológico, como algas, que têm cheiro de comida.
“Muitos animais marítimos dependem muito do seu olfato para encontrar comida, muito mais que os humanos”, afirmou Savoca, ressaltando que o plástico “parece enganar” os animais que o encontram no mar, sendo “muito difícil para eles ver que não é um alimento”.
A FAO lembra que os efeitos adversos dos microplásticos na fauna marinha são observados em experiências em laboratórios, normalmente com um grau de exposição a estas substâncias “muito maior” que o encontrado no ambiente.
Até então, estas partículas só apareceram no aparelho digestivo dos animais, que as pessoas “costumam retirar antes de consumir”, apontou a pesquisadora Amy Lusher.
Substâncias contaminantes
No pior dos cenários, o problema seria a presença de substâncias contaminantes e de aditivos que são acrescentados aos plásticos durante sua fabricação ou são absorvidos no mar, ainda que não se saiba muito sobre o seu impacto e o dos plásticos menores na alimentação.
Para os cientistas, é preciso estudar mais a fundo a distribuição desses resíduos a nível global, por mais que se movam de um lado a outro, e o processo de acumulação de lixo, ao qual contribuem a pesca e a aquicultura quando seus equipamentos de plástico acabam perdidos ou abandonados nos oceanos.
Em um mundo onde há cada vez mais plástico (322 milhões de toneladas produzidas em 2015), estima-se que a poluição continuará aumentando nos oceanos, onde em 2010 foram despejados entre 4,8 milhões e 12,7 milhões de toneladas desse tipo de lixo.
Fonte: Agência Brasil-EFE
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